Search results for "Musical notation"
showing 8 items of 8 documents
Position coding effects in a 2D scenario: the case of musical notation.
2013
How does the cognitive system encode the location of objects in a visual scene? In the past decade, this question has attracted much attention in the field of visual-word recognition (e.g., "jugde" is perceptually very close to "judge"). Letter transposition effects have been explained in terms of perceptual uncertainty or shared "open bigrams". In the present study, we focus on note position coding in music reading (i.e., a 2D scenario). The usual way to display music is the staff (i.e., a set of 5 horizontal lines and their resultant 4 spaces). When reading musical notation, it is critical to identify not only each note (temporal duration), but also its pitch (y-axis) and its temporal seq…
The Effects of Static and Dynamic Visual Representations as Aids for Primary School Children in Tasks of Auditory Discrimination of Sound Patterns. A…
2018
It has been proposed that non-conventional presentations of visual information could be very useful as a scaffolding strategy in the learning of Western music notation. As a result, this study has attempted to determine if there is any effect of static and dynamic presentation modes of visual information in the recognition of sound patterns. An intervention-based quasi-experimental design was adopted with two groups of fifth-grade students in a Spanish city. Students did tasks involving discrimination, auditory recognition and symbolic association of the sound patterns with non-musical representations, either static images (S group), or dynamic images (D group). The results showed neither s…
Compatibility of the Different Tuning Systems in an Orchestra
2009
Focusing on the daily practice of musicians, we give flexibility to the mathematical treatment of musical notes, tuning systems and the relations between them. This allows us to connect the theory and the practice of music. Using the techniques of fuzzy logic, we describe the concepts with fuzzy sets and introduce the α-compatibility as a degree of interchangeability between tuning systems. To show how our proposal works, we use a fragment of Haydn and analyze the compatibility of the notes taken from 48 recordings for the tuning systems of Pythagoras, Zarlino and Equal Temperament of 12 notes.
Mathematics and Soft Computing in Music
2011
Mathematics is the fundamental tool for dealing with the physical processes that explain music but it is also in the very essence of this art. Musical notes, the first elements which music works with, are defined for each tuning system as very specific frequencies; however, instrumentalists know that small changes in these values do not have serious consequences. In fact, sometimes consensus is only reached if the entire orchestra alters the theoretical pitches. The explanation for this contradiction is that musicians implicitly handle very complex mathematical processes involving some uncertainty in the concepts and this is better explained in terms of fuzzy logic. Modelling the notes as f…
Obtaining the Compatibility between Musicians Using Soft Computing
2010
Modeling the musical notes as fuzzy sets provides a flexible framework which better explains musicians’ daily practices. Taking into account one of the characteristics of the sound: the pitch (the frequency of a sound as perceived by human ear), a similarity relation between two notes can be defined. We call this relation compatibility. In the present work, we propose a method to asses the compatibility between musicians based on the compatibility of their interpretations of a given composition. In order to aggregate the compatibilities between the notes offered and then obtain the compatibility between musicians, we make use of an OWA operator. We illustrate our approach with a numerical e…
Silent music reading: Amateur musicians' visual processing and descriptive skill
2013
This article addresses the silent reading of music notation, combining eye-movement measures with a semantic analysis of readers’ verbal descriptions of the notated music. A group of musical novices ( n = 16) and two groups of musical amateurs (less experienced n = 11 and more experienced n = 10) participated in three separate measurement sessions during a nine-month-long university music course designed for future primary-school teachers. In each session they viewed a notated folk song for 30 s and then described what they had seen. Greater musical experience was found to be connected with shorter fixation durations, more linear scanning of the notated music, and more accurate and integra…
Fuzzy logic helps to integrate music theory and practice
2010
Among the many practices of composers, instrumentalists and singers which clearly correspond with fuzzy logic our focus here is on tuning. Different criteria have been used to select the sounds that music uses. A set containing these sounds (musical notes) is called a tuning system. Several tuning systems coexist in a classical orchestra. The pitches of the notes are different and very precisely defined for each system; however the consequences of small deviations from these theoretical frequencies are not serious. Actually, the orchestra members are aware of the necessity of reaching a consensus and adjust their instruments to tune well. Because of this, many musicians feel that the mathem…
Mercury$$^\mathrm{\textregistered }$$: A Software Based on Fuzzy Clustering for Computer-Assisted Composition
2019
We present Mercury, a new software for computer-assisted composition based on fuzzy clustering algorithms. This software is able to generate a big number of transitions between any two different melodies, harmonic progressions or rhythmical patterns. Mercury works with symbolic music notation. The software is, therefore, able to read music and to export the generated musical production into MusicXML format. This paper focusses on some theoretical aspects of the CFT algorithm implemented in the software in order to create those complete transitions, overviewing not only the structure of the program but the user’s interface and its music notation module. Finally, the wide variety of compositi…